Asymmetric synthesis of ?-(heteroaryl)alkylamines and ?-amino acids via nucleophilic 1,2-addition of lithiated heterocycles to aldehyde SAMP-hydrazones

This article is a review of time asymmetric quantum theory and its consequences applied to the resonance and decay phenomena. We first give some phenomenological results about resonances and decaying states to support the popular idea that resonances characterized by a width G and decaying states characterized by a lifetime t are different appearances of the same physical entity. Based on Weisskopf-Wigner (WW) methods, one obtains approximately \frac{\hbar}{t}\approx G. However, using standard axioms of quantum physics it is not possible to establish a rigorous theory to which the various WW methods can be considered as approximations. In standard quantum theory, the set of states and the set of observables are mathematically identified and described by the same Hilbert space H. Modifying this Hilbert space axiom to a Hardy space axiom one distinguishes the prepared (in) states and detected (out) observables. This leads to semi-group time evolution and to beginnings of time for individual microsystems. As a consequence of this time asymmetric theory one derives \frac{\hbar}{t} = G as an exact relation, and this unifies resonances and decaying states. Finally, we show that this unification can also be extended to the relativistic regime.