English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The genus   Calisto   Hübner, 1823 is the only member of the diverse, global subfamily  Satyrinae  found in the West Indies, and by far the richest endemic Caribbean butterfly radiation.   Calisto   species occupy an extremely diverse array of habitats, suggestive of adaptive radiation on the scale of other classic examples such as the Galápagos or Darwin’s finches. However, a reliable species classification is a key requisite before further evolutionary or ecological research. An analysis of 111 DNA ‘barcodes’ (655 bp of the mitochondrial gene COI) from 29 putative   Calisto   species represented by 31 putative taxa was therefore conducted to elucidate taxonomic relationships among these often highly cryptic and confusing taxa. The sympatric, morphologically and ecologically similar taxa   Calisto confusa   Lathy, 1899 and   Calisto confusa debarriera   Clench, 1943 proved to be extremely divergent, and we therefore recognize   Calisto debarriera    stat. n.  as a distinct species, with   Calisto neiba   Schwartz & Gali, 1984 as a junior synonym  syn. n.  Species status of certain allopatric, morphologically similar sister species has been confirmed:   Calisto hysius   (Godart, 1824) (including its subspecies   Calisto hysius aleucosticha   Correa et Schwartz, 1986,  stat. n. ), and its former subspecies   Calisto batesi   Michener, 1943 showed a high degree of divergence (above 6%) and should be considered separate species.   Calisto lyceius   Bates, 1935/  Calisto crypta   Gali, 1985/  Calisto franciscoi   Gali, 1985 complex, also showed a high degree of divergence (above 6%), confirming the species status of these taxa. In contrast, our data suggest that the   Calisto grannus   Bates, 1939 species complex (including   Calisto grannus dilemma   González, 1987,   Calisto grannus amazona   González, 1987,  stat. n. ,   Calisto grannus micrommata   Schwartz & Gali, 1984,  stat. n. ,   Calisto grannus dystacta   González, 1987,  stat. n. ,   Calisto grannus phoinix   González, 1987,  stat. n. ,   Calisto grannus sommeri   Schwartz & Gali, 1984,  stat. n. , and   Calisto grannus micheneri   Clench, 1944,  stat. n. ) should be treated as a single polytypic species, as genetic divergence among sampled populations representing these taxa is low (and stable morphological apomorphies are absent). A widely-distributed pest of sugar cane,   Calisto pulchella   Lathy, 1899 showed higher diversification among isolated populations (3.5%) than expected, hence supporting former separation of this species into two taxa ( pulchella  and  darlingtoni  Clench, 1943), of which the latter might prove to be a separate species rather than subspecies. The taxonomic revisions presented here result in   Calisto   now containing 34 species and 17 subspecies. Three species endemic to islands other than Hispaniola appear to be derived lineages of various Hispaniolan clades, indicating ancient dispersal events from Hispaniola to Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica. Overall, the degree of intrageneric and intraspecific divergence within   Calisto   suggests a long and continuous diversification period of 4–8 Myr. The maximum divergence within the genus (ca. 13.3%) is almost equivalent to the maximum divergence of   Calisto   from the distant pronophiline relative   Auca   Hayward, 1953 from the southern Andes (14.1%) and from the presumed closest relative   Eretris   Thieme, 1905 (14.4%), suggesting that the genus began to diversify soon after its split from its continental sister taxon. In general, this ‘barcode’ divergence corresponds to the high degree of morphological and ecological variation found among major lineages within the genus.

“Darwin’s butterflies”? DNA barcoding and the radiation of the endemic Caribbean butterfly genus Calisto (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)