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The genus Rhinophylla Peters, 1865 (Carolliinae: Phyllostomidae) comprises three species: R. pumilio Peters, 1865, R. fischerae Carter, 1966 and R. alethina Handley, 1966. Only the first two species have been cytogenetically studied to date. Previous studies on specimens of Rhinophylla fischerae  from two populations from East of Andes (Colombia) showed the karyotype  with 2n=34 and FN=56. In this paper, we report the results of  cytogenetic analysis of six specimens of Rhinophylla fischerae  from Brazil. Probably chromosomal differences can be found among the  populations because of the geographic distance. Metaphase chromosomes  were obtained in the field by direct extraction of bone marrow. The  metaphases were analyzed by conventional staining, G- and C-banding,  NOR-staining and FISH with telomeric probes. Rhinophylla fischerae  has 2n=38 and Fundamental Number FN=68, with small amounts of  constitutive heterochromatin in the centromeric regions of the  chromosomes and the long arm of pair 16. Fluorescence in situ  hybridization using telomeric probes did not show any interstitial  sequences. Hybridization with human 18S and 28S rDNA probes and silver  staining revealed the presence of Nucleolar Organizer Regions at the  long arms of pairs 16 and 18. The pattern of G-banding showed that this  population had a huge chromosome variation compared with previous  studies on specimens of Rhinophylla fischerae. The chromosomal differences among populations that have been morphologically classified as R. fischerae  suggest that this species should be considered a cryptic species  complex, and that the populations from different geographical regions  analyzed to date should be considered species of this complex, where the  chromosomal rearrangements had key importance

Biogeographical karyotypic variation of Rhinophylla fischerae (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) suggests the occurrence of cryptic species