Photodynamic therapy with a novel porphyrin-based photosensitizer against human gastric cancer

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of novel porphyrin-based photosensitizer meso-5-[ρ-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid- aminophenyl]-10,15,20-triphenyl-porphyrin (DTP)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the HGC27 and SNU-1 human gastric cancer cell lines. The absorption spectrum of DTP was analyzed using a microplate spectrophotometer. The HGC27 or SNU-1 cells were incubated with DTP and exposed to illumination by a 650-nm laser. The experiments were divided into four groups: A blank control, cells treated with DTP without light, cells exposed to laser light without DTP and cells treated with a combination of DTP and light together. The phototoxicity of DTP was analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining. In addition, the intracellular distribution of DTP was investigated by laser scanning confocal microscopy. DTP-PDT demonstrated marked phototoxicity towards HGC27- and SNU-1 cells. The rate of cell death increased significantly in a DTP concentration-dependent and light dose-dependent manner, with maximum mortality rates of 74.14 and 67.76%, respectively. There were significant differences between the therapeutic and control groups (P<0.01). In addition, the growth of cells treated with DTP or laser light alone was not inhibited. Further evaluation revealed that, following DTP-PDT, HGC27 and SNU-1 cells demonstrated notable apoptotic changes, including condensed chromatin, fragmented nuclei and apoptotic bodies, and the percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly higher than that of the control groups (P<0.01). Furthermore, confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that DTP localized to the lysosomes but not mitochondria in the two types of tumor cell. In conclusion, significant phototoxicity and reduced cytotoxicity in dark conditions make the novel photosensitizer DTP a promising potential PDT drug for future use in the treatment of human gastric cancer.