Extreme-ultraviolet and X-Ray Emission of Turbulent Solar Flare Loops

Turbulence has been observed in flare loops and is believed to be crucial for the acceleration of particles and in the emission of X-ray photons in flares, but how the turbulence is produced is still an open question. A scenario proposed by Fang et al. suggests that fast evaporation flows from flare loop footpoints can produce turbulence in the looptop via the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI). We revisit and improve on this scenario and study how the KHI turbulence influences extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) and X-ray emission. A 2.5D numerical simulation is performed in which we incorporate the penetration of high-energy electrons as a spatio-temporal dependent trigger for chromospheric evaporation flows. EUV, soft X-ray (SXR), and hard X-ray (HXR) emission are synthesized based on the evolving plasma parameters and given energetic electron spectra. KHI turbulence leads to clear brightness fluctuations in the EUV, SXR, and HXR emission, with the SXR light curve demonstrating a clear quasi-periodic pulsation (QPP) with period of 26 s. This QPP derives from a locally trapped, fast standing wave that resonates in between KHI vortices. The spectral profile of the Fe xxi 1354 line is also synthesized and found to be broadened due to the turbulent motion of plasma. HXR tends to mimic the variation of SXR flux and the footpoint HXR spectrum is flatter than the looptop HXR spectrum.