Open AccessDetermination of the Salivary Anti-Phenolic Glycolipid-1 Antibody in Leprosy Patients as a Tool to Monitoring Multidrugtherapy
Author(s) -
ChunCheih Chao,
Anuja Ghorpade
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
american journal of infectious diseases
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1558-6340
pISSN - 1553-6203
DOI - 10.3844/ajidsp.2009.314.319
Subject(s) - neuroinflammation , matrix metalloproteinase , neuroprotection , downregulation and upregulation , neuroscience , biology , cell , immunology , microglia , inflammation , microbiology and biotechnology , medicine , biochemistry , gene
PROBLEM STATEMENT: Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and its cognate targets, the Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), were differentially expressed in human brain samples with or without HIV-1 infection or HIV-1 Encephalitis (HIVE). APPROACH: A through literature review demonstrated that cell culture models of Central Nervous System (CNS) cell types had been used to illustrate the intricate temporal patterns of TIMP-1/MMP expression, regulated by a variety of inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS: As MMPs and TIMP-1 can significantly altered the extracellular environment and cell signaling, the differential regulation of TIMP-1/MMP expression in neuroinflammation can impact neuronal function and survival in disease conditions. TIMP-1 pro-survival effects had been demonstrated in a variety of cell types including CNS neurons, protecting cells from a wide range of stress and insults. TIMP-1, also known to interact with non-MMP targets, altered cell behavior. In this review, we discussed the possibility that the upregulation of TIMP-1 by glia in acute neuroinflammation may be a neuroprotective response. CONCLUSION: It will be important to delineate the effects of TIMP-1 on neurons and identify receptors and downstream signaling pathways, in order to evaluate TIMP-1 as a therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.