Open AccessUsing Thermal Infrared Imagery (TIR) for Illustrating the Submarine Groundwater Discharge into the Eastern Shoreline of the Dead Sea-Jordan
Author(s) -
Emad Akawwi,
Abdallah Al-Zouabi,
Maher Kakish,
Fredrich Koehn,
Martin Sauter
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
american journal of environmental sciences
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
eISSN - 1558-3910
pISSN - 1553-345X
DOI - 10.3844/ajessp.2008.693.700
Subject(s) - submarine groundwater discharge , shore , submarine , geology , dead sea , groundwater , oceanography , thermal infrared , hydrology (agriculture) , seawater , environmental science , remote sensing , infrared , geotechnical engineering , aquifer , physics , optics
Many of thermal anomalies that are indicator of discharge zones of warmer water were observed along the Dead Sea shoreline at the areas of Zarka Ma'in, Zara and Al-Mujeb. The groundwater discharge locations were mapped along eastern shores of the Dead Sea by using aerial thermal infrared imagery (λ = 8-13 µm). A digital thermal infrared camera was used for this purpose in December 2005 at the nighttime. The principle of using this method is depending on the difference of the temperature between the sea surface water and the groundwater. The average groundwater temperature in the Dead Sea area is about 33 centigrade. It discharges into the cooler Dead Sea water 12 centigrade. The temperatures of the mixing two types of water (the discharge and the Dead Sea Water) were about 26 centigrade at some spots. These increasing of the Dead Sea temperatures are due to the groundwater discharge. The groundwater discharge was identified by thermal infrared images surveys. The survey provides sharp images of the shoreline of the Dead Sea (pixel size of about 4-5 m)