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Stings of jellyfish, which frequently occur in a warm season, cause severe pain, inflammation and sometimes irreversible results such as the death. Harmful venoms from jellyfish, therefore, have been studied for finding the therapeutic agents to relieve pain or to neutralize toxic components. However, it is still unclear if and how jellyfish venom reveal neuronal toxicity even though pain induction seems to result from the activation of nociceptors such as nerve endings. In this study, using HT-22 cell line, we investigated neurotoxic effects of the venom of Chrysaora pacifica (CpV) which appears in South-East ocean of Korea. In 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, CpV significantly reduced the viability of HT-22 cells in a dosedependent manner. Additionally, in 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence test under the culture condition lacking dominant inflammatory factors, CpV remarkably increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reduced responsive fluorescence to Rhodamine123 and increased expression of intracellular cytochrome c were also observed in HT-22 cells treated with CpV. These indicate that CpV-reduced viability of HT-22 cells may be due to the activation of apoptotic signalings mediated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, removing Ca ion or adding N-acetyl-Lcystein remarkably blocked the CpV effect to reduce the viability of HT22 cells. The findings in this study clearly demonstrate that CpV may activate Ca-mediated ROS signalings and mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in neuronal damage or death, and suggest that blocking Ca pathway is a therapeutic approach to possibly block toxic effects of jellyfish venoms.

The venom of jellyfish, Chrysaora pacifica, induces neurotoxicity via activating Ca2+-mediated ROS signaling in HT-22 cells

The venom of jellyfish, Chrysaora pacifica, induces neurotoxicity via activating Ca²⁺-mediated ROS signaling in HT-22 cells