Formulation and development of dental gel containing clove oil for the treatment of human periodontal diseases

Periodontal disease is recognized as a major public health problem throughout the world and occurs in all groups, ethnicities, races, genders and socioeconomic levels. It is characterized by inflammation and degeneration of the gums, supporting bone, periodontal ligament and cementum and accumulation of bacterial pathogens, mainly within the periodontal pockets [1]. The periodontal disease commonly refers to inflammatory diseases that are plaque induced i.e. gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis, the moderate stage of disease caused by an accumulation of supragingival plaque and characterized by swelling, light bleeding and redness of the marginal gingival. Gingivitis is associated with a change in the microflora, shifting from a Gram-positive anaerobic flora to a more Gram negative one. Periodontitis, a more severe stage of periodontal disease, results in the resorption of the alveolar bone and detachment of the periodontal ligament supporting tooth [2]. Periodontitis is an inflammatory response to the overgrowth of anaerobic organisms such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella melaninogenica and Actinobacillus actinomycetem comitans. The conventional method of treatment the periodontal disease like oral, topical and systemic dosage forms have major disadvantages like superinfection, low or non-compliance, low gingival crevicular fluid levels of antibiotics, systemic side effects, short duration and high relative cost [3]. Periodontal treatment aims to cure inflamed tissue, reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria and eliminate the diseased pockets. Recent advances in the field of dentistry have promoted the use of herbal and natural Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy