Epidemic of heat-related illnesses among workers exposed to hot working environments in the changing climate scenario

Rising global temperatures, coupled with decreasing access to clean drinking water, may enhance the effects of heat exposure to general and working populations across the globe. People working in jobs that require moderate or heavy manual labor in hot environments are at particular risk caused by the combined effect of exposures to high environmental heat and internal heat production. Exposures to heat can lead to a range of clinical health effects such as fatigue, exhaustion, heat syncope, fainting, heat stroke or even death. Furthermore, heat-related physical exhaustion leads to a reduction of the worker's ability to work with consequent productivity losses that may cause substantial economic losses for the businesses. The result of such continuous heat exposures, manual work and repeated dehydration are also known to cause acute kidney injuries that can further develop into chronic kidney diseases. With the predicted rise in temperatures due to climate change, the health effects for the working population are expected to become worse without appropriate interventions. With this background, the present review focuses on the heat-related health illnesses with special attention to kidney disease among workers engaged in manual physical labor in different occupational sectors.