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Background Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) for hemodialysis (HD) are often associated with better outcomes than arteriovenous grafts (AVGs). We aimed to investigate vascular access (VA) outcomes and assessed if AVF nonmaturation outweighs long-term complications of AVGs. Methods In this multicenter, retrospective cohort study in The Netherlands, 1- and 3-year primary, primary assisted, secondary, and functional patency rates were calculated, and the incidence of adverse events and procedures was assessed. Functional patency of RCAVFs, upper arm AVFs, and AVGs was compared using Cox analyses. Results In total, 1041 patients who received their first VA were included, of whom 863 had VAs that successfully matured. These patients were analyzed with a median follow-up of 25 months. The 1-year functional patency rates were 67%±2.0% for RCAVFs, 83%±2.0% for upper arm AVFs, and 85%±3.5% for AVGs. Three-year functional patency rates were 62%±2.0% for RCAVFs, 74%±2.0% for upper arm AVFs, and 69%±5% for AVGs. AVGs required more procedures per year (3.3 per year) of functional patency when compared with upper arm AVFs (1.8 per year). Conclusions The functional patency of AVFs and AVGs is comparable, although AVGs required more interventions to maintain usability for HD. The choice of VA is a trade-off between short-term advantages, favoring AVGs, and long-term advantages, favoring AVFs. Which VA is most appropriate depends on the patient’s prognosis and preferences.

Patency Outcomes of Arteriovenous Fistulas and Grafts for Hemodialysis Access: A Trade-Off between Nonmaturation and Long-Term Complications