Coordinated Control Strategy and Validation of Vehicle-to-Grid for Frequency Control

The increased penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs) is resulting in significant challenges to the stability, reliability, and resiliency of the electrical grid due to the intermittency nature of RES and uncertainty of charging demands of EVs. There is a potential for significant economic returns to use vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology for peak load reduction and frequency control. To verify the effectiveness of the V2G-based frequency control in a microgrid, modeling and simulations of single- and multi-vehicle-based primary and secondary frequency controls were conducted to utilize the integrated components at the Canadian Centre for Housing Technology (CCHT)-V2G testing facility by using MATLAB/Simulink. A single-vehicle-based model was validated by comparing empirical testing and simulations of primary and secondary frequency controls. The validated conceptual model was then applied for dynamic phasor simulations of multi-vehicle-based frequency control with a proposed coordinated control algorithm for improving frequency stability and facilitating renewables integration with V2G-capable EVs in a microgrid. This proposed model includes a decentralized coordinated control of the state of charge (SOC) and charging schedule for five aggregated EVs with different departure times and SOC management profiles preferred by EV drivers. The simulation results showed that the fleet of 5 EVs in V2B/V2G could effectively reduce frequency deviation in a microgrid.