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Understanding the genetic diversity of  Aegilops biuncialis , a valuable source of agronomical useful genes, may significantly facilitate the introgression breeding of wheat. The genetic diversity and population structure of 86  Ae. biuncialis  genotypes were investigated by 32700 DArT markers with the simultaneous application of three statistical methods— neighbor-joining clustering, Principal Coordinate Analysis, and the Bayesian approach to classification. The collection of  Ae. biuncialis  accessions was divided into five groups that correlated well with their eco-geographic habitat: A (North Africa), B (mainly from Balkans), C (Kosovo and Near East), D (Turkey, Crimea, and Peloponnese), and E (Azerbaijan and the Levant region). The diversity between the  Ae. biuncialis  accessions for a phenological trait (heading time), which is of decisive importance in the adaptation of plants to different eco-geographical environments, was studied over 3 years. A comparison of the intraspecific variation in the heading time trait by means of analysis of variance and principal component analysis revealed four phenotypic categories showing association with the genetic structure and geographic distribution, except for minor differences. The detailed exploration of genetic and phenologic divergence provides an insight into the adaptation capacity of  Ae. biuncialis , identifying promising genotypes that could be utilized for wheat improvement.

frontiers in plant science

Unlocking the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Wild Gene Source of Wheat, Aegilops biuncialis Vis., and Its Relationship With the Heading Time