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Seed dormancy and germination are regulated by complex mechanisms controlled by diverse hormones and environmental cues. Abscisic acid (ABA) promotes seed dormancy and inhibits seed germination and post-germination growth. Calmodulin (CaM) signals are involved with the inhibition of ABA during seed germination and seedling growth. In this study, we showed that  Arabidopsis thaliana  IQM4 could bind with calmodulin 5 (CaM5) both  in vitro  and  in vivo , and that the interaction was the Ca 2+ -independent type. The IQM4 protein was localized in the chloroplast and the  IQM4  gene was expressed in most tissues, especially the embryo and germinated seedlings. The T-DNA insertion mutants of  IQM4  exhibited the reduced primary seed dormancy and lower ABA levels compared with wild type seeds. Moreover,  IQM4  plays key roles in modulating the responses to ABA, salt, and osmotic stress during seed germination and post-germination growth. T-DNA insertion mutants exhibited ABA-insensitive and salt-hypersensitive phenotypes during seed germination and post-germination growth, whereas  IQM4 -overexpressing lines had ABA- and osmotic-hypersensitive, and salt-insensitive phenotypes. Gene expression analyses showed that mutation of  IQM4  inhibited the expression of ABA biosynthetic genes  NCED6  and  NCED9 , and seed maturation regulators  LEC1, LEC2, ABI3 , and  ABI5  during the silique development, as well as promoted the expression of  WRKY40  and inhibited that of  ABI5  in ABA-regulated seed germination. These observations suggest that IQM4 is a novel Ca 2+ -independent CaM-binding protein, which is positively involved with seed dormancy and germination in  Arabidopsis .

Arabidopsis IQM4, a Novel Calmodulin-Binding Protein, Is Involved With Seed Dormancy and Germination in Arabidopsis