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Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus  L.) is threatened by substantial yield losses due to the south root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita ). However, understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of nematode infection is still limited. In this study, we found that  M. incognita  infection affected the structure of cells in cucumber roots and treatment of the cytoskeleton inhibitor (cytochalasin D) reduced root-knot nematode (RKN) parasitism. It is known that Actin-Depolymerizing Factor (ADF) affects cell structure, as well as the organization of the cytoskeleton. To address the hypothesis that nematode-induced abnormal cell structures and cytoskeletal rearrangements might be mediated by the  ADF  genes, we identified and characterized eight cucumber  ADF  ( CsADF ) genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the cucumber  ADF  gene family is grouped into four ancient subclasses. Expression analysis revealed that  CsADF1, CsADF2-1, CsADF2-2, CsADF2-3  (Subclass I), and  CsADF6  (Subclass III) have higher transcript levels than  CsADF7-1, CsADF7-2  (Subclass II genes), and  CsADF5  (Subclass IV) in roots. Members of subclass I genes ( CsADF1, CsADF2-1, CsADF2-2 , and  CsADF2-3 ), with the exception of  CsADF2-1 , exhibited a induction of expression in roots 14 days after their inoculation (DAI) with nematodes. However, the expression of subclass II genes ( CsADF7-1  and  CsADF7-2 ) showed no significant change after inoculation. The transcript levels of  CsADF6  (Subclass III) showed a specific induction at 21 DAI, while  CsADF5  (Subclass IV) was weakly expressed in roots, but was strongly up-regulated as early as 7 DAI. In addition, treatment of roots with cytochalasin D caused an approximately 2-fold down-regulation of the  CsADF  genes in the treated plants. These results suggest that  CsADF  gene mediated actin dynamics are associated with structural changes in roots as a consequence of  M. incognita  infection.

frontiers in plant science

The Infection of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Roots by Meloidogyne incognita Alters the Expression of Actin-Depolymerizing Factor (ADF) Genes, Particularly in Association with Giant Cell Formation