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The main chemosensory organs of locusts consisted of the antennae and the mouthparts (maxillary and labial palps), which are suggested to perform different functions. However, very few are known about the differences of these two organs at molecular level. To understand the differences of locust antennae and palps in olfaction, the electrophysiological response and olfactory gene expression of these two organs were conducted. Our electrophysiological experiments with  Locusta migratoria  showed that the responses of mouthpart palps and antennae to odorants are quite different. Only a few odorants, such as (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal and (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, elicited stronger electrophysiological responses of both maxillary and labial palps in comparison to the antennae. Additionally, we obtained 114 and 11 putative odorant receptor (OR) gene segments from the antennal and palp transcriptomes, respectively. Two novel odorant-binding proteins (OBPs;  OBP15  and  OBP16 ) and one novel OR ( OR142 ) were identified for the first time. Out of the 16 OBP genes tested in RT-PCR and qPCR analyses,  OBP8  was highly expressed in the nymphal palps.  OBP4, OBP10 , and  OBP16  were only detected in the antennae. The other 11 OBP genes were jointly expressed in both antennae and palps. The relative expression level of  OBP6  in male palps was much higher than that of female palps. Furthermore, for the 11 OR genes identified in palp transcriptome, the expression levels of  OR12, OR13, OR14 , and  OR18  in the palps were significantly higher than those in the antennae. The  OR12  in palps was demonstrated to be involved in detection of hexanal and E-2-hexenal, as well as (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal. Our results provide information on the different olfactory roles of locust antennae and palps at the molecular level.

Expressions of Olfactory Proteins in Locust Olfactory Organs and a Palp Odorant Receptor Involved in Plant Aldehydes Detection