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Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) exhibit redox capacity  in vitro  with efficacy in  in vivo  disease models of oxidative stress. Here we compare, in parallel, three CeNP formulations with distinct chemical stabilizers and size.  In vitro  assays revealed antioxidant activity from all the CeNPs, but when administered to mice with a reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated model of multiple sclerosis, only custom-synthesized Cerion NRx (CNRx) citrate-EDTA stabilized CeNPs provided protection against disease. Detectable levels of ceria and reduced ROS levels in the brains of CNRx CeNP-treated mice imply that these CeNPs' unique properties influence tissue distribution and subsequent biological activity, suggesting why differing CeNP formulations yield different  in vivo  effects in various models. Further, the variation in  in vivo  vs  in vitro  results with these CeNP formulations highlights the necessity for  in vivo  studies that confirm whether the inherent catalytic activity of CeNPs is maintained after transport and distribution within intact biological systems.

Variable in Vivo and in Vitro Biological Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Formulations