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The polymyxin antibiotic colistin has been used in decades for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases in livestock. Nowadays, it is even considered as last-line treatment option for severe human infections caused by multidrug- and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, the discovery of plasmid-mediated mobile colistin resistance ( mcr ) genes raised major public health concern. The aim of our study was to analyze colistin-resistant  Salmonella enterica  strains from animals, food, feed and the environment collected at the National Reference Laboratory for  Salmonella  in Germany on the presence of  mcr-1  to  mcr-9  genes. Altogether 407 colistin-resistant (MIC >2 mg/L)  Salmonella  isolates received between 2011 and 2018 were selected and screened by PCR using a published  mcr-1  to  mcr-5  as well as a newly developed  mcr-6  to  mcr-9  multiplex PCR protocol. 254 of 407 (62.4%) isolates harbored either  mcr-1  ( n  = 175),  mcr-4  ( n  = 53),  mcr-5  ( n  = 18) or  mcr-1  and  mcr-9  ( n  = 8). The number of  mcr -positive isolates ranged from 19 (2017) to 64 (2012) per year. WGS revealed that none of our isolates harbored the  mcr-9.1  gene. Instead, two novel  mcr-9  variants were observed, which both were affected by frameshift mutations and are probably non-functional. The  mcr -harboring isolates were mainly derived from animals (77.2%) or food (20.1%) and could be assigned to ten different  Salmonella  serovars. Many of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Co-occurrence of  mcr-1  and AmpC or ESBL genes was observed in eight isolates. Our findings suggest that  mcr  genes are widely spread among colistin-resistant  Salmonella  isolates from livestock and food in Germany. Potential transfer of  mcr -harboring isolates along the food chain has to be considered critically.

frontiers in microbiology

Development of a Novel mcr-6 to mcr-9 Multiplex PCR and Assessment of mcr-1 to mcr-9 Occurrence in Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates From Environment, Feed, Animals and Food (2011–2018) in Germany