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The  prfA -virulence gene cluster ( p VGC) is the main pathogenicity island in  Listeria monocytogenes , comprising the  prfA, plcA, hly, mpl, actA , and  plcB  genes. In this study, the  p VGC of 36  L. monocytogenes  isolates with respect to different serotypes (1/2a or 4b), geographical origin (Australia, Greece or Ireland) and isolation source (food-associated or clinical) was characterized. The most conserved genes were  prfA  and  hly , with the lowest nucleotide diversity (π) among all genes ( P  < 0.05), and the lowest number of alleles, substitutions and non-synonymous substitutions for  prfA . Conversely, the most diverse gene was  actA , which presented the highest number of alleles ( n  = 20) and showed the highest nucleotide diversity. Grouping by serotype had a significantly lower π value ( P  < 0.0001) compared to isolation source or geographical origin, suggesting a distinct and well-defined unit compared to other groupings. Among all tested genes, only  hly  and  mpl  were those with lower nucleotide diversity in 1/2a serotype than 4b serotype, reflecting a high within-1/2a serotype divergence compared to 4b serotype. Geographical divergence was noted with respect to the  hly  gene, where serotype 4b Irish strains were distinct from Greek and Australian strains. Australian strains showed less diversity in  plcB  and  mpl  relative to Irish or Greek strains. Notable differences regarding sequence mutations were identified between food-associated and clinical isolates in  prfA, actA , and  plcB  sequences. Overall, these results indicate that virulence genes follow different evolutionary pathways, which are affected by a strain's origin and serotype and may influence virulence and/or epidemiological dominance of certain subgroups.

frontiers in microbiology

Virulence Gene Sequencing Highlights Similarities and Differences in Sequences in Listeria monocytogenes Serotype 1/2a and 4b Strains of Clinical and Food Origin From 3 Different Geographic Locations