Morphology of the immature stages of <i>Panorpa qinlingensis</i> (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) with notes on its biology

Cai, L. J. & Hua, B. Z. 2009: Morphology of the immature stages of Panorpa qinlingensis (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) with notes on its biology. — Entomol. Fennica 20: 215–224. ThescorpionflyPanorpaqinlingensisChou&Ranisdescribedandillustratedin detailforitsimmaturestages,includingegg,larva,andpupa.Theeggisovalwith chorion decorated with irregular polygonal network. The larva is eruciform and peripneustic, bearingeightpairsofabdominalprolegs. Apairofprominentcompound eyes are present on head. The first instar larva differs from later instars in possessing a prominent egg burster on frons and with clavate setae. The pupa is exarateanddecticous,takingtheshapeoftheadults.Thescorpionflyisbivoltine, overwintering as prepupal stage in the soil. The durations of the egg, larval, and pupal stages are 5–9 d, 19–27 d, and 8–18 d respectively for the first generation. Adults emerge from mid May to early June and from late July to mid August in the Micang Mountain, central China.