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Cai, L. J. & Hua, B. Z. 2009: Morphology of the immature stages of Panorpa qinlingensis (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) with notes on its biology. — Entomol. Fennica 20: 215–224. ThescorpionflyPanorpaqinlingensisChou&Ranisdescribedandillustratedin detailforitsimmaturestages,includingegg,larva,andpupa.Theeggisovalwith chorion decorated with irregular polygonal network. The larva is eruciform and peripneustic, bearingeightpairsofabdominalprolegs. Apairofprominentcompound eyes are present on head. The first instar larva differs from later instars in possessing a prominent egg burster on frons and with clavate setae. The pupa is exarateanddecticous,takingtheshapeoftheadults.Thescorpionflyisbivoltine, overwintering as prepupal stage in the soil. The durations of the egg, larval, and pupal stages are 5–9 d, 19–27 d, and 8–18 d respectively for the first generation. Adults emerge from mid May to early June and from late July to mid August in the Micang Mountain, central China.

Morphology of the immature stages of <i>Panorpa qinlingensis</i> (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) with notes on its biology