Pollution of Tanjero River by Some Heavy Metals Generated from Sewage Wastwater and Industrial Wastewater in Sulaimani District

Tanjero river represents a permanent river located southwest of Sulaimani city about 7km. Qiliasan and Kani-Ban streams confluence to form Tanjero river near KaniGoma village. Water samples were collected from fifteen sites along the Tanjero river during June 2007 up to January 2008 and analyzed for studying some physico-chemical properties and heavy metals contaminations. The total hardness values recorded in the studied sites were ranged ( 204.96 – 388.06 )mg/L.The values of (8-33.1) oC, (1.08-496) NTU were recorded for temperature and turbidity respectively, while the values of (0.64 9.19) mg / L, (7.26-8.64) and (362 – 1715) μS.Cm -1 were recorded for dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and specific conductance. The values of Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr) ,Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni), concentration were ranged between, (1.80 to 2.39), (0.2 to 3.31) , (2.13 to 2.55), (0.08 to 3.29) ,and (0.51 to 1.72) mg/L respectively . The result indicates significant differences (P≥ 0.05) for the sampling events with LSD (Least Significant Differences) value of 0.01 for Co Fe, and Ni, while 0.03 and, 0.06 for Cr and Mn respectively. The Copper(Cu) concentration in all studied water samples was within the acceptable levels which ranged (0.11 to 0.51) mg/L . Tanjero river and tributaries were polluted with heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr) resulted from the impact of sewage wastewater according to water quality standard EU, 2004; USEPA, 2005; Canada, 2005 and WHO, 2006 and should Construct a plant of treatment for treating sewage wastewater of Sulaimani city before direct discharge to the river and it is quite essential to treat the ground water of the studied area before using . Introduction Tanjero river represents a permanent river located southwest of Sulaimani city by 7km. Qiliasan and Kani-Ban streams confluence to form Tanjero River near Kani-Goma village (Fig. 1). Also other small tributaries and springs discharging in the river. The studied area is located between(35° 35' 01") and (35° 28'44") North, (45° 21' 39") and (45° 26' 17") East .It represents 63.5 km2 of the Tanjero river catchments area within Sulaimani city and elevated (656787) m above sea level (Mustafa, 2006). Length of the river is about 58 Km (Khamess, 1979), and pour the river in Darbandikan lake . Journal of Kirkuk University –Scientific Studies, vol.7, No.1, 2012 76 Hydrologic cycle, water availability and water quality depend on parameters of climate. Climate types correlate closely with soil types, moisture, evaporation and temperature regimes of climates determine the chemical reactions, organic activity and eluviations rates of soil (Christopherson, 1992). Iron (Fe) is present in the wide variety of industrial wastewater including mining operations, or milling chemical industrial wastewater, dye manufacture, metal processing, textile mills, petroleum refining and others (Golterman, 1975). Iron exists in ferric or ferrous form depending on pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. At neutral pH and in the presence of oxygen, soluble ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron, which readily hydrolyzed to form the insoluble ferric hydroxide precipitate. Growths of iron bacteria, which concentrate iron, may cause taste and odor problems and lead to pipe restrictions, blockages and corrosion (ADWG, 2004). Uncontaminated rivers and streams generally have low concentrations of manganese, ranging from 0.001 mg/L to 0.6 mg/L. High concentrations may occur in polluted rivers or under anoxic conditions such as at the bottom of deep reservoirs or lakes, or in groundwater (ADWG, 2004). Nickel (Ni) is moderately toxic to most species of aquatic plants, though it is one of the least toxic inorganic agent to invertebrates and fish. The major source of Nickel in natural water is municipal wastewater followed by melting and the refining of nonferrous metals (Denton et al. 2001). Also mine drainage effluents are known to be the major contributors due to high concentrations of nickel found in the discharges (Finkelman, 2005). Cobalt (Co) may enter the environment from both natural sources and human activities. Cobalt occurs naturally in soil, rock, air, water, plants, and animals. It may enter air and water, and settle on the land from windblown dust, seawater spray, volcanic eruptions, and forest fires and may additionally get into surface water from runoff and leaching when rainwater washes through soil and rock containing cobalt. Soils near ore deposits, phosphate rocks, or other industrial pollution may contain high concentrations of cobalt (ATSDR, 2004). Chromium (Cr) is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. Major coastal marine contributors of chromium are dominated by input from rivers, urban runoff, domestic and industrial wastewaters and sewage sludge (Denton et al. 1997). Also other major sources in the aquatic environment include the waste stream from electroplating and metal finishing industry (Callender 2003 and Finkelman 2005). All Cr compounds are considered toxic substances to organisms (Callahan, et al. 1979). The solubility of Cr compounds is strongly dependent on the form of Cr and physicochemical conditions of the water such as pH, oxygen and organic matters. Under oxygenated conditions, the Journal of Kirkuk University –Scientific Studies, vol.7, No.1, 2012 76 form Cr + 6 is highly soluble in the water and under low pH, Cr + 3 hydroxides may solubilize and remain as ionic Cr +3 (Eisler. 1986, Irwin, et al., 1997b). Copper(Cu) may also be present in wastewater from a variety of chemicals manufacturing processes employing copper or copper catalyst, Copper is present in uncontaminated surface water at very low concentrations, usually less than 0.01 mg/L. The concentration can rise substantially when water with a low pH and hardness remains in stagnant contact with copper pipes and fittings (ADWG, 2004). Many studies were done on Tanjero river such as (Khamees ,1979) studied the ecology of Tanjero river and its tributaries(Al-Rawi ,1981) studied the petrology of Tanjero formation in Sulaimani region. (Muhammad Jaza ,1992) made facies analysis for Tanjero formation in Sulaimani area ( Karim ,2004) made basin analysis study for Tanjero formation in Sulaimani area and (Muhammad, 2004) conducted an ecological and limnological study, whereas,(Mustafa, 2006) studied the impact of sewage discharge on the Tanjero river and its basin, including surface water, groundwater, agricultural soils and channel sediments. The principle aims of this study is to study the effects of sewage water and other wastes generated from Sulaimani district on heavy metal content of Tanjero river and examining the pollution load caused by sewage effluents on the environment in the studied area. Materials and Methods Water samples were collected from fifteen Sites along the Tanjero river ( Fig.1 )from June 2007 up to January 2008 (Table 1).Water samples were collected using 1.5 liter polyethylene bottles for physico-chemical analysis after rinsing in laboratory with HCl and distilled water as described by (Bartram & Ballance, 1996). The collected samples were transported into the laboratory within 24 h of the collection and stored at (2-8) °C if they were not to be analyzed in the laboratory on the same day. Journal of Kirkuk University –Scientific Studies, vol.7, No.1, 2012 67 Table(1): Sampling Site Description Hydrogen Ion Potential (pH) of the water sample was measured using portable pH-meter, model (pH330i, 2004 WTW Company -Germany). The instrument was calibrated before using with standard buffer solution (pH= 4, 7, and 10) according to operating manual, 2004. Water Temperature (oC) was measured in the field as described by ( Bartram & Ballance, 1996). Turbidity (NTU) of surface water was determined using portable turbidimeter; model ( PHoto Flex Turb., 2006 WTW Company -Germany). Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was measured using a special oxygen -sensitive membrane electrode (InoLab.OXi730,2004 WTW Company–Germany). Dissolved Oxygen values were recorded directly in the field and the results were expressed in mg/L. Total Hardness (T.H) determined by (EDTA-disodium) titrimetric method as described by (APHA, 1999), using Erochrom Black T (E.B.T) indicator and Murrxide indicators. Total Hardness results expressed as mg CaCO3.L -1 . Heavy Metal Analysis: Six heavy elements, Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper(Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Nickel (Ni) were analyzed for surface water samples of Tanjero river using atomic absorption spectrometry Sites Description Latitude Longitude St.1 Near the Sarchinar cement Factory 35 o 35'34.67" N 45 o 22'41.86"E St.2 Near the Sarchinar cement Factory 35 o 35'29.49" N 45 o 22'40.36"E St.3 Near the Sarchinar cement Factory 35 o 35'23.18" N 45 o 22'39.12"E St.4 Near the Sarchinar spring 35 o 35'18.31" N 45 o 22'34.11"E St.5 Under Qiliasan bridge 35 o 34'44.31" N 45 o 22'35.01"E St.6 Near Kostai-Cham and Awal village 35 o 33'47.78" N 45 o 22'26.55"E St.7 Near Kostai-Cham and Awal village 35 o 32'57.47" N 45 o 22'24.76"E St.8 Near Kostai-Cham and Awal village 35 o 32'8.71" N 45 o 22'26.75"E St.9 Below Baba-Ali Bridge from the KaniBan stream 35 o 31'31.68" N 45 o 21'36.56"E St.10 From Qiliasan stream before linking with Kani-Ban stream 35 o 28'59.12" N 45 o 24'45.99"E St.11 From Kani-Ban stream before linking with Qiliasan stream 35 o 28'58.77" N 45 o 24'39.73"E St.12 After linking Qiliasan stream with KaniBan stream 35 o 28'52.68" N 45 o 24'50.20"E St.13 Near industrial area of tanjaro regions 35 o 28'39.98" N 45 o 25'21.65"E St.14 Near industrial area of tanjaro regions 35 o 28'43.43" N 45 o 25'32.30"E St.15 Below Tanjaro Bridge 35 o 28'43.26" N 45 o 25'46.45"E Journal of Kirkuk University –Scientific Studies, vol.7, No.1, 2012 67 (AAS) model (AAnalyst, 200, Perkin Elmer US) as described by (APHA, 1999). Statistical and data analysis Factorial Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used for analysis of the data obtained. LSD test (Least Significant D