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espanolLa estacionalidad ambiental causa variaciones en la composicion y estructura de las comunidades de aves a lo largo del ano que podrian alterar los patrones de biodiversidad y anidamiento en los parques urbanos y otros habitats fragmentados. Estos cambios podrian tener importantes implicaciones en la gestion y conservacion de las areas verdes urbanas y sus poblaciones de aves, que se han estudiado poco. En este estudio se analizaron la composicion, la diversidad y el anidamiento de las comunidades de aves reproductoras e invernantes en 31 parques urbanos de Vitoria–Gasteiz (Espana). La diversidad de aves fue significativamente mayor durante la epoca reproductiva que en el periodo invernal, aunque los parques mas diversos durante la reproduccion tambien fueron los mas diversos en invierno. La mayor parte de la variacion de la diversidad entre parques se explico por el tamano del parque, mientras que la densidad del arbolado tuvo una contribucion escasa que solo fue significativa en invierno. Las comunidades de aves mostraron un patron de anidamiento significativo y similar en ambas estaciones, que estaba fundamental-mente determinado por el tamano del parque. A pesar de que la distribucion de siete de las 16 especies que estan presentes todo el ano cambio significativamente de una estacion a otra, las posiciones de los parques en las matrices de anidamiento estuvieron estrechamente correlacionadas entre estaciones. Ello es debido a que la reduccion de algunas especies en los parques de una estacion a otra se vio compensada por el aumento de otras especies que inicialmente eran menos comunes. Estos resultados apoyan las ideas de que, en ciudades de pequeno y mediano tamano, la superficie del parque es el principal factor limitante de la diversidad de aves, y que deberia fomentarse la existencia de parques relativamente grandes (> 10ha) para favorecer una rica avifauna durante todo el ano. EnglishEnvironmental seasonality leads to variation in the composition and structure of bird communities over the year that might alter biodiversity and nestedness patterns in urban parks and other frag-mented habitats. These changes could have important implications in the management and conservation of urban green areas and their populations, but they are largely unexplored. In this study, the composition, diversity and nestedness of the breeding and wintering avian communities in 31 urban parks of Vitoria–Gasteiz (Spain) were analysed. Avian diversity was significantly greater during breeding than during the winter period, although the most diverse parks during breeding were also the most diverse during winter. Most of the among–park variation in diversity was explained by park size, while tree density had a marginal contribution that was only significant during winter. Avian communities showed a significant nested subset pattern that was similar between seasons, with these patterns being mainly mediated by park size. Although the distribution of seven out of the 16 species occurring all–year–round changed significantly from one season to the other, the park ranks in the nestedness matrices were strongly correlated between seasons. This was caused by the reduction in the park distribution of some species from one season to the other that was compensated by the expansion of other species that were initially less common. These results support the idea that, in small and medium–sized cities, park size is the main constraint on avian diversity, and the presence of relatively large parks (> 10 ha) should be encouraged to promote a rich avifauna all year round.

Seasonality affects avian species distribution but not diversity and nestedness patterns in the urban parks of Vitoria–Gasteiz (Spain)