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This paper examines the influence of the nature of mothers’ work on Nepali children’s schooling outcomes. Using nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS), it analyses whether the engagement of mothers (and fathers) in nonagricultural work has significant consequences for their children’s school attendance and grade attainment, compared with these consequences when parents’ work is in traditional subsistence agriculture. With the high rate of female labor-force participation and the rapidly transforming workforce in Nepal, transitions into more formal and nonagricultural forms of work are expected to have significant time and income effects upon their families and children, particularly on their children’s schooling, especially that of girls. Using analyses that simultaneously account for the work patterns of mothers and fathers, this study uses binary probit and ordinary least squares models to examine these relationships. Results indicate that children of parents who both work in the nonagriculture sector are significantly more likely to have attended or currently be attending school and have higher grade attainment, compared with children whose parents work in the agriculture sector. These associations do not persist, however, when income controls are added, which suggests that strong income effects may be driving these associations. No evidence of significant time effects is observed. The extended analyses in the study fail to find evidence of mediating effects of income or maternal control over resources on children’s schooling. Policy implications of this research, including those for policies promoting women’s economic participation and for schooling of children in Nepal, are discussed.

The nature of mothers' work and children's schooling in Nepal: The influence of income and time effects