Relative ecological and biological indicator values of plum and prune cultivars

The plum is one of the oldest domesticated fruit species, yet relatively little-known archaeological site, although the evidence is, however, rich archeobotany. The Carpathian Basin is a different situation because the local outcrops of rescue excavations archeobotanical always received great emphasis. These data carry cultural evolution introduced historical information is, of course, the archaeological ages; ethnic groups often exchanger activity was also documented (Gyulai 2001). The natural conditions of the natural environment taking into account the conversion of a long process result (Surányi 1985, Roach in 1985, Visy 2003). The plum and geographic large regions importance of really raises the Prunus domestica (reciprocal) parental partners in the Carpathian Basin resident, that is, blackthorn and cherry plum area meets reach the Caucasus region of (Rybin 1935, 1936 and 1962), Central Europe and Balkan (Schwanitz 1973, Terpó 1974, Larcher 1980, Faust – Surányi 1997). The origin of species, their genetic and biological properties of the characters assume the specific ecological needs (Faust et al. 2011). In a number of branches of botany ecological evaluation is not new, examples of which can be found in the literature on Hungarian language (Soó 1964– 1985, Zólyomi 1964, Précsényi 1986, Simon 1988 and Borhidi 1993). Over the last decade, based mainly on works of Simon (1988, 1991) and Borhidi (1993, 1995), individual ecological indicator values have been established (Surányi 2000), and applied for the varieties prepared in the national cultivar catalogue (Pernesz 2013), pomological handbooks (Soltész 1998) and former pomological works (cf. Surányi 2002). This study presents an expanded and updated version of that one published in Kanitzia (Surányi 2006), and a summary of Hungarian fruit cultivars in Acta Bot. Hung. (Surányi 2014). The expression of the ecological experience in form of relative indicator values is not a new classification experiment to compare the ecological species. In this paper we consistently use Borhidi’s (1993, 1995) fundamental work on the ecological values of the indigenous flora. At first, Iversen (1936) applied relative indicator values for characterising salt-resistance of coastal plants, suggesting a three-grade scale. Ellenberg (1950, 1952) worked out the ecological indicator values of a larger number of meadow plants and different weeds for several ecological factors and the first experiment for applying these indicator values in classifying plant communities. Ellenberg (1963) applied 5-grade scales and the moisture scale was amplified later to a 10-grade scale. The development of the indicator values, an important contribution was made by Zólyomi’s TWR-system (1964) and that improved their staff (Zólyomi et al. 1967). The TWR-system consisted of a 10-grade temperature scale (T), an 11-grade water content or soil moisture scale (W) and a 5-grade soil reaction scale (R), which was worked out for 1.400 native species of the Hungarian flora and weeds Relative ecological and biological indicator values of plum and prune cultivars