Mineralogical, petrological, stable isotope, and fluid inclusion studies of the Palea Kavala reduced intrusion-related and the transitional Fakos porphyry Cu-Mo to epithermal Au-Te ore systems

Reduced intrusion-related gold systems are generally characterized by a Au-Bi-Te-W metal assemblage genetically linked to the emplacement of granitoids. The Palea Kavala ore system, Greece, consists of ~150 minor Fe-Mn (Pb±Zn±Ag), Fe-Mn-Au, Fe-As-Au, Fe-CuAu, and Bi-Te-Au ore occurrences that occur primarily in quartz-calcite-sulfide veins (hypogene mineralization), or as supergene bodies, in overlapping zones centered on the ~2122 Ma granodioritic Kavala pluton, which intrudes metamorphic rocks of the Paleozoic Rhodope metamorphic core complex. The pluton consists mostly of granodiorite with lesser amounts of diorite, tonalite and monzodiorite, which was emplaced along the regional E-W trending Kavala-Komotini fault. The recently discovered, ~4 km long, E-W trending so-called Kavala vein is a sheeted quartz vein system of Bi-Te-Pb-Sb±Au mineralization that crosscuts the Kavala pluton and the schists and gneisses of the Rhodope Massif. The Kavala vein system is comprised of quartz with lesser amounts of K-feldspar, plagioclase, and muscovite. Quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration is pervasive but minor kaolinite is also present. Pyrite (~5% of vein volume) contains inclusions of tetradymite (some gold-bearing), bismuthinite, and cosalite. Sulfur isotope values (n = 27) of pyrite from the Kavala and Chalkero veins, as well as pyrite and