A refractory case of chromoblastomycosis due to Fonsecaea monophora with improvement by photodynamic therapy

Chromoblastomycosis is one of the most frequently encountered mycoses in tropical and temperate regions caused by the implantation of the infectious structures and one which is associated with low cure and high relapse rates. The etiologic agents play a critical role affecting clinical outcome and in southern China, Fonsecaea pedrosoi and F. monophora are the main causative agents of chromoblastomycosis. We treated, for two years, a 55-year-old male patient with chromoblastomycosis caused by F. monophora with itraconazole and terbinafine, two antifungals recommend in earlier papers in the literature but without any positive response. As a result we introduced the photodynamic therapy (PDT) employing 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) irradiation. The lesions were improved after two periods of ALA-PDT treatment, each consisting of exposures at weekly intervals for 5 weeks but new lesions developed with the cessation of ALA-PDT treatment. Thereafter, positive clinical improvement was obtained when voriconazole at 200 mg was combined with terbinafine at 250 mg in treating the patient. The in vitro susceptibility of the F. monophora isolate to terbinafine, itraconazole, and voriconazole was assessed and the fungus was found to be sensitive to all three, with the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 0.125, 1, 0.0625 μg/ml, respectively. However, the determination of in vitro susceptibility profiles may not predict clinical response.