California's hardwood resource: managing for wildlife, water, pleasing scenery, and wood products

A new management perspective that emphasizes a variety of amenities and commodities is needed for California`s forest-zone hardwoods. For the near future and perhaps more on public than on private land, these `yields` are wildlife, water, esthetics, and wood products. Each is presented first as an individual yield and then as part of a combined yield. Managing the hardwood forest for these yields requires some special considerations. Foremost is to consider all of the yields in an ecosystem setting with special regard to managing larger areas for longer timeframes. Within this setting are several factors central to a new perspective for managing hardwoods. These include the need for a well developed hardwood processing industry and the expanded role of silviculture. Some guidelines and recommendations are then presented to further management of forest-zone hardwoods in California in the 21st century.