An Ecological Context for Regenerating Mult-cohort, Mixed-species Red Pine Forests

Human disturbances have simplified the structure and composition of red pine forest, relative to historical conditions. A greater understanding of natureal disturbances and their role in generating complex stand structures, and their associated benefits, has increased interest in managing for mixed-species, multi-aged stands. We outline a conceptual approach for adding structural and complexity to commercial red pine mangagment and apply this approach in an operation-scale management experiment.