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Evoluční etika Franse de Waala a její filozofické reflexe
Author(s) -
Filip Jaroš,
Adéla Šrůtková
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
filosofie dnes
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 1804-0969
DOI - 10.26806/fd.v9i1.231
Subject(s) - theology , philosophy , physics
Clanek představuje teorii původu lidske moralky od Franse de Waala a zhodnocuje přinos filozofických komentařů od Christine M. Korsgaardove a Mary Midgleyove z hlediska oboru evolucni etiky. Zakladni struktura de Waalova přistupu je v souladu se sentimentalistickou teorii moralky, ktera urcuje soucitěni jako bazalni moralni cit. V interpretaci vlivne neodarwinisticke genocentricke skoly dale hraje zasadni roli altruismus. Stoupenci tohoto směru (R. Dawkins, G. C. Williams) nicmeně obhajuji rozděleni kruteho světa přirody a etickeho světa lidske kultury; distinkce byla Fransem de Waalem nazvana „teorii pozlatka“, neboť vyvolava obraz tenke vrstvy moralky nanesene na sobecke jadro lidske biologicke přirozenosti. C. M. Korsgaardova využiva kantovskou etiku, aby ukazala, že zviřata nemohou být pocitana za moralni, neboť postradaji schopnost normativni autonomie. M. Midgleyova oponuje jak neodarwinistickemu, tak kantovskemu rozvrhu etiky a ukazuje, že soucitěni patři k přirozenosti spolecensky žijicich druhů a že reflektivni uvažovani se vztahuje pouze k nejvyssimu patru evoluce moralky. Pozice M. Midgleyove je pro evolucni zkoumani moralky přinosnějsi než postup C. M. Korsgaardove. This article introduces Frans de Waal’s theory of the origins of human morality and evaluates the merits of the philosophical commentaries of Christine M. Korsgaard and Mary Midgley, and their application to the discipline of evolutionary ethics. The fundamental structure of de Wall’s approach is congruent with the sentimentalist theory of morality which determines sympathy as the most vital moral sentiment. A crucial role is also assigned to altruism in the view of morality in the influential genocentric neo-Darwinian school. However, proponents of this school (R. Dawkins, G. C. Williams) advocate the separation of the cruel world of nature and the ethical world of humane culture; this is dubbed “Veneer Theory” by F. de Waal, since it invokes an image of a thin layer of morality applied to a selfish core of biological human nature. C. M. Korsgaard applies Kantian ethics to argue that animals cannot count as moral because they are not capable of normative self-government. M. Midgley opposes both neo-Darwinism and the Kantian tradition in ethics in arguing that sympathy is a part of any social species ’ nature, and that reflective reasoning refers only to the highest peak of moral evolution. It is argued that the position of M. Midgle y is ultimately a more fruitful approach to the evolutionary examination of ethics than that proposed by C. M. Korsgaard.

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