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Electromagnetic scattering from the sea surface is of great significance in ocean remote sensing especially under high wind conditions. A novel volume-surface composite scattering model of nonlinear rough sea surfaces with breaking waves and foam layers under high wind conditions is presented in this study. Based on the semi-deterministic facet scattering model (SDFSM), using a ray tracing method combined with impedance equivalent edge currents (RT-IEEC) and vector radiative transfer theory (VRT), the backscattering characteristics of the sea surface with breaking waves and foam layers are investigated. The crestand static-foam coverage was introduced to determine the breaking point and foam coverage distribution. The dependence of the backscattering coefficient of the sea surface with and without breaking waves and foam layers on the incident angle, wind speed, and the polarization are discussed in detail. The results of numerical simulations are analyzed and compared with the measured data from the relevant references which verifies the validity of our volume-surface composite scattering model. The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image simulations of the surface with and without the breaking waves and foam layers are compared, and the combined effects of the breaking waves and whitecaps are analyzed.

A VOLUME-SURFACE COMPOSITE SCATTERING MODEL FOR NONLINEAR OCEAN SURFACE WITH BREAKING WAVES AND FOAM LAYERS UNDER HIGH WIND CONDITIONS