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Organizing Twenty-First-Century Activism: From Structure to Strategy in Latin American Social Movements
Author(s) -
Jessica A. J. Rich
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
latin american research review
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.489
H-Index - 48
eISSN - 1542-4278
pISSN - 0023-8791
DOI - 10.25222/larr.452
Subject(s) - social movement , argument (complex analysis) , negotiation , political science , scholarship , politics , insider , political economy , hierarchy , movement (music) , new social movements , subject (documents) , government (linguistics) , social movement theory , sociology , law , aesthetics , biochemistry , chemistry , philosophy , linguistics , library science , computer science
This article examines how the organizational structure of a social movement affects the tactics it is likely to adopt. Hybrid movements gained prominence at the start of the twenty-first century. Like movements of the past, they protested on the streets; but unlike the movements of the past, they also acted like interest groups by lobbying government over policy. Considered through the lens of traditional scholarship, this phenomenon presents a puzzle. Loose networks of activists are thought to be good at contentious politics but incapable of negotiating with government. By contrast, federations of interest groups are seen to be good at insider lobbying but subject to co-optation. This article theorizes the middle ground between social movements and interest groups by proposing a third structure for social movement organizing, the federative coalition, which incorporates some of the advantages of hierarchy while avoiding some of its pitfalls. The article illustrates this argument through a case study of Brazil’s AIDS movement. Resumo Este artigo analisa o papel da estrutura organizacional de um movimento social em determinar as taticas que ele adota. Movimentos “hibridos” surgiram na America Latina na virada do seculo XXI. Parecidos aos movimentos do passado, eles protestavam na rua; mas diferente dos movimentos do passado, eles tambem se portavam como grupos de interesse por negociar com oficiais do governo acerca de politicas. No olhar das teorias tradicionais de movimentos sociais, este fenomeno apresenta um paradoxo. Redes soltas de ativistas sao apresentadas na literatura como movimentos com alta capacidade para fazer protestos, mas tem pouca capacidade de fazer lobby. Por contraste, federacoes de grupos de interesse sao vistas como capazes de negociacao, mas sujeitas a cooptacao. Este artigo teoriza o meio-termo entre movimentos sociais e grupos de interesse, propondo uma terceira estrutura para organizar movimentos sociais—a coalizao federativa—que incorpora algumas das vantagens da hierarquia ao mesmo tempo em que evita algumas das armadilhas. O artigo ilustra o argumento com um estudo de caso do movimento brasileiro de combate a HIV/AIDS.

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