Empirical relationships between elevation and the stable isotope composition of precipitation and surface waters: considerations for studies of paleoelevation change

A compilation of 68 studies from throughout many of the world's mountain belts reveals an empirically consistent and linear relationship between change in elevation and change in the isotopic composition of precipitation along altitudinal transects. The isotopic composition of precipitation decreases linearly with increasing elevation in most regions of the world except in the Himalayas and at elevations >5000 m. There are no significant differences in isotopic lapse rates from most regions of the world (;0.28 permil/100 m) except at the extreme latitudes where isotopic lapse rates are higher. Given information on past changes in the isotopic composition of precipitation preserved in pedogenic or authigenic minerals, this global isotopic lapse rate can be used to place numerical constraints on the topo- graphic development of some ancient mountain belts or plateaus. There are many complicating factors that can confound interpretation of paleoel- evation change based on stable isotopes, and many of these are unique to specific mountain belts or time periods. Relevant to all stable isotope based paleoelevation change studies is the temperature dependent isotope fractionation between a pedo- genic or authigenic mineral and the water from which it forms. In cases where isotopic proxy minerals are sampled from localities where temperature will change simulta- neously with elevation change, the apparent change in the isotopic composition of precipitation may be dampened by several permil. This suggests that samples taken from the rainshadow side of an emerging orographic barrier may be more likely to preserve isotopic changes resulting from mountain uplift than samples taken from atop a rising mountain range or plateau.