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This thesis investigates the methodological narrowness used to interpret social license failure in the mining sector. Using a mixture of Actor-Network Theory (ANT), Poststructuralist theory, Political Settlement theory and knowledge from the mining industry, it investigates the core premises of existing models of social license, finding them lacking. It details challenges facing the mining sector, highlighting a disjoint operationally at a temporal level and spatial level between communities and industry. Representing the inability of the sector to address social licence failure as evidence of ontological narrowness in assessments of local community consent, it demonstrates it is the totality of relationships around the mine project that is critical. A new model predicated on a Political Settlement framework at a meso level, is created and populated as a visual model with icons. These icons, make up within the Social License Settlement Model (SLSM), a representation of the dynamic balancing act of relationships defining social license. The model is set in Thirdspace, reflecting that different participants have different perceptions of space, time and symbolism. The model was tested by showing how a social license was not solely about the mine and local communities but wider relationships. An examination of Rosa Montana mine project failure in Romania as it joined the EU, demonstrated that the process of ascension caused aspects of civil society to change, making securing a social license more difficult. Field research in Serbia, in a similar position in 2018 to Romania in terms of EU membership when Rosa Montana failed, with State mine regulator officials, private sector mine development actors and people living adjacent to mining projects. Similar issues with civil society appear likely to develop in Serbia, driven by the introduction of transnational environmental regulation. The SLSM captures how this might be avoided and mitigated.

A theoretical model for social licence to operate for the mining sector in South Eastern Europe