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Since 1999 Venezuela has experienced a very intense process of institutional transformation that has favored the capacity of the executive branch and its allies to undermine democracy by democratic means. Political confrontation has produced important changes in the distribution of political power among relevant actors, increasing the control of Chavismo over the political system by eroding normative restrictions on power accumulation, reducing civil liberties, and imposing strict control over mass media and political freedoms. Endogenous institutional change has produced a variation on equilibrium that furthers the interests of Chavismo and its allies while excluding important sectors of the population and imposing authoritarianism and political persecution as a mechanism of political control in a double-edged process through which power accumulation allows institutional change, which in turn allows increased political control.  // Desde 1999, Venezuela ha experimentado un intenso proceso de transformacion institucional que ha favorecido la capacidad del Ejecutivo, y sus aliados, para erosionar la democracia mediante mecanismos democraticos. La confrontacion politica ha producido cambios importantes en la distribucion del poder politico entre los actores relevantes. Esto ha incrementado el poder del chavismo sobre el sistema politico y ha facilitado la reduccion de las restricciones normativas a la acumulacion del poder. En los ultimos anos los venezolanos han experimentado una importante reduccion de las libertades civiles, controles estrictos sobre los medios de comunicacion y la merma de sus libertades politicas. En Venezuela el cambio institucional tiene un caracter endogeno. Se han producido variaciones de equilibrio que favorecen los intereses del chavismo y sus aliados y que, al mismo tiempo, han auspiciado la exclusion de amplios sectores de la poblacion. Lo anterior ha traido como consecuencia la imposicion del autoritarismo y la persecucion politica como mecanismos de control politico en un proceso continuo en el cual la acumulacion de poder favorece el cambio institucional, el cual a su vez auspicia el incremento del control politico.

Venezuela and Its Labyrinth: Institutional Change and Authoritarianism in Twenty-first-Century Socialism