Development of Behavioral Tests for the Assessment of Neurologic Effects of Lead in Sheep

Reports of neurologic impairment of children following recovery from acute lead encephalopathy have raised questions concerning the effects of chronic low-level lead exposure on the central nervous system. Behavioral toxicologic techniques have been employed to assess the effects of lead on the central nervous system in sheep. Mature sheep receiving daily doses of 100 mg lead/kg showed a significant decrease in performance on an auditory signal detection task. Daily oral doses of 120 and 230 mg lead/sheep for 27 weeks did not alter the performance of mature sheep on a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement behavioral task. Prenatal exposure to maternal blood lead levels of 16 or 34 μg/100 ml during gestation and postnatal daily ingestion of 16, 8, 4, or 2 mg lead/kg did not alter performance of lambs on a closed-field maze task. Slowed learning was demonstrated in lambs prenatally exposed to maternal blood lead levels of 34 μg/100 ml during gestation when tested on nonspatial, two-choice visual discrimination problems at 10–15 months of age.