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One of the ways to make an assessment of the energy status of cows in   lactation is to consider the results obtained from the evaluation of the   concentrations of organic milk components. The advantages of this method are   that the taking of milk samples is not stressful for the cow and that it is   also possible to use the results of milk examinations carried out by dairy   plants within regular control. A bulk milk sample from all individual cows   can be used, or an individual milk sample. In farms that have herds of   unequal genetic potential, it is preferable to assess the energy status by   analyzing the results for individual samples, because each animals is   assessed individually in that way. Furthermore, the use of individual milk   samples is recommended at newly-established farms in order to facilitate the   establishment of reference values for the herd. The energy status of cows is   assessed using the milk samples by analyzing fat, protein and urea   concentrations and their mutual ratios. Fat and protein concentrations in cow   milk vary depending on the breed, the diet, age, stage of lactation, and the   season of the year. A fat content lower than the physiological values can be   expected in cases of unfavourable diet of the cows during the period around   calving or rumen acidosis, and it can be expected to be higher during ketotic   conditions. A higher protein content in milk can be expected during a   high-protein, and a lower one during a low-protein diet of the cows. The   physiological concentration of urea in milk depends on nutritive factors, the   season, age, stage of lactation, and body mass. Specifically, older cows,   cows in advanced lactation, and cows in the summer period tend to have higher   values for urea concentration in milk. Among nutritive factors, the most   important is the ratio between energy and proteins in the cow feed ration. In   cases when protein content in milk is optimal or above the recommended values   but the energy supply is lower, the urea concentration increases to over the   range of physiological values. In the event that the feed ration is deficient   in both proteins and energy the urea content in milk drops. This work also   presents a model for assessing the energy status in cows by analyzing the   mutual ratios between the individual milk components (proteins and fat, or   urea and proteins) in the individual milk samples. It is possible to   determine the energy status of the animal on the basis of the ratio between   proteins and fat, and the supply of the cow with proteins and energy on the   basis of the ratio between urea and proteins. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke   Republike Srbije, br. 46002: Molekularno-genetička i ekofiziološka   istraživanja u zaštiti autohtonih animalnih genetičkih resursa,očuvanju   dobrobiti, zdravlja i reprodukcije gajenih životinja i proizvodnji bezbedne   hrane

Assessment of dairy cow energy status using milk fat, protein and urea concentrations