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Ductus papillaris presents the frontline of defense of the mammary gland  against the penetration of microorganisms into the milk cystern and the  mammary gland parenchyma. The specific structure of ductus papillaris is in  the stratum corneum which lines the ductus papillaris. It is a fine layer  similar to wax of various thickness. The thickness of the stratum corneum  depends on the age and breed of the animal, as well as on the number of past  lactation periods. The stratum corneum or the keratin layer of the ductus  papillaris has a bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect and prevents the  ascendent penetration of microorganisms into the mammary gland. Measurements  of the thickness of the keratin layer of ductus papillaris of each udder  quarter revealed the existence of different thickness of the keratin layer.  Histological examinations of parenchyma sections of each udder quarter showed  different degrees of leukocytary infiltration. The degree of the leukocytary  infiltration indicates the existence of various inflammatory processes in the  parenchyma that occurred due to the weak frontline defense of the mammary  gland against the penetration of microorganisms

Effect of different thickness of keratin layer of ductus papillaris on state of parenchyma in cow udder