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Combustion process was studied from the injection until the late combustion   phase in an high swirl optically accessible combustion bowl connected to a   single cylinder 2-stroke high pressure common rail compression ignition   engine. Commercial diesel and blends of diesel and n-butanol (20%: BU20 and   40%: BU40) were used for the experiments. A pilot plus main injection   strategy was investigated fixing the injection pressure and fuel mass   injected per stroke. Two main injection timings and different pilot-main   dwell times were explored achieving for any strategy a mixing controlled   combustion. Advancing the main injection start, an increase in net engine   working cycle (>40%) together with a strong smoke number decrease (>80%) and   NOx concentration increase (@50%) were measured for all pilot injection   timings. Compared to diesel fuel, butanol induced a decrease in soot emission   and an increase in net engine working area when butanol ratio increased in   the blend. A noticeable increase in NOx was detected at the exhaust for BU40   with a slight effect of the dwell-time. Spectroscopic investigations   confirmed the delayed auto-ignition (~60 ms) of the pilot injection for BU40   compared to diesel. The spectral features for the different fuels were   comparable at the start of combustion process, but they evolved in different   ways. Broadband signal caused by soot emission, was lower for BU40 than   diesel. Different balance of the bands at 309 and 282 nm, due to different OH   transitions, were detected between the two fuels. The ratio of these   intensities was used to follow flame temperature evolution

Chemiluminescence analysis of the effect of butanol-diesel fuel blends on the spray-combustion process in an experimental common rail diesel engine