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. Although many studies have reported various advantages of  nickel-titanium endodontic instruments, the use of stainless steel endodontic  files still presents a standard in everyday practice. The aim of this study  was to evaluate ultrastructure of the surface of stainless steel endodontic  instruments before and after their use. Material and Methods. Fourteen sets  of non-used stainless steel endodontic reamers and files were included in the  study. Each set of instruments was used one, three or six times in simulated  clinical conditions on extracted maxillary premolars. After their use the  instruments were subjected to cleaning and sterilization procedures.  Ultrastructure of the surface of instruments was observed under scanning  electron microscope (SEM). Surface analysis was performed based on the number  of uses and size of instruments. The following characteristics were analyzed:  defects of instrument flutes, defects of cutting edges and instrument  deformations. Results. SEM analysis showed defects on the surface of non-used  instruments as a result of the manufacturing process. Surface defects,  defects of cutting edges as well as flutes deformations were observed after a  single use and were more often noticed in small sized instruments. After  three uses, flutes deformations were observed in all small sized instruments  and some of the medium size. After six uses all groups of instruments showed  defects of cutting edges. Conclusion. Non-used stainless steel endodontic  instruments showed surface defects created by the manufacturing process.  Defects of cutting edges and flutes can be observed after a single use. To  minimize complications and mistakes during clinical preparation it is  recommended to limit the number of instrument uses.

Ultrastructural analysis of the surface of stainless steel endodontic instruments before and after use