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In order to identify possible mislabeling of the apple accession maintained  ex situ in Srebrenik and to gain insight into the genetic structure of the  conserved germplasm, 14 accessions from the collection were genotyped using  10 SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers. Obtained SSR profiles were then  added to an existing database constructed for previously characterized 24  traditional and 13 international, reference apple cultivars maintained at the  same collection. Bayesian analysis implemented in the STRUCTURE program  grouped 42 out of 51 analyzed apple accessions (38 traditional and 13  international) into three RPPs (reconstructed panmictic populations) with  probability of membership qI higher than 75%. Almost all international,  reference cultivars grouped in RPP3, whereas traditional B&H cultivars from  the Srebrenik collection grouped in all three RPPs. Large and significant  differentiations between all three individual RPPs were detected through the  analyses of molecular variance and confirmed with FCA (factorial  correspondence analyses). NJ cluster analysis, based on the Bruvo genetic  distance, revealed that out of 38 traditional B&H apple cultivars, analyzed  in the study, ‘Ljepocvjetka’, ‘Bobovec’ and ‘Bobovec J’ grouped closest to  the international reference cultivars. Available date indicates that unlike a  large number of B&H apple cultivars which were introduced during the reign of  the Ottoman Empire, ‘Ljepocvjetka’ and ‘Bobovec’ were probably introduced at  a later date. Cluster analyses also enabled the detection of one synonym and  three homonyms within the collection. In four cases, previously conducted  identification based on phenotypic analyses was confirmed by genetic  analyses. Results of the structure analyses indicate a heterogeneous genetic  structure of the analyzed accessions. This characteristic of the B&H apple  germplasm could be useful for future breeding programs

Genetic structure of apple accessions maintained ex situ in Bosnia and Herzegovina examined by microsatellite markers