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Traditional conceptual modeling and UML take different vague, ambiguous, and  apparently incompatible approaches to making a distinction between two  different entity types - classes and data types. In this paper, an in-depth  theoretical study of these ambiguities and discrepancies is given and a new  semantic interpretation is proposed for consolidation. The interpretation is  founded on the premise that populations of the two kinds of entity types are  defined in two substantially different ways: by intensional (for data types)  and extensional (for classes) definitions. The notion of a generative  relationship set is introduced to explain the role of specific relationship  types that are used to define populations of structured data types by  cross-combinations of populations of the related entity types. Finally, some  important semantic consequences are described through the proposed  interpretation: value-based vs. object-based semantics, associations vs.  attributes, and identity vs. identification. The given interpretation is  based on runtime semantics and allows for fully unambiguous discrimination of  the related concepts, yet it fits into intuitive understanding and common  practical usage of these concepts.

Towards understanding of classes versus data types in conceptual modeling and UML