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The effectiveness of insoluble xanthate (ISX) and crosslinked  starch-graft-polyacrylamide-co-sodium xanthate (CSAX) for Cu(II) removal from  wastewater was evaluated. The two types of xanthates were characterized by  SEM, XRD, FTIR, and elemental analysis. Also, the factors influencing  adsorption behaviors of copper ions from aqueous solutions were investigated.  The results indicated CSAX had higher absorption capacity for Cu(II) than ISX  because it contained more N and S. While as far as the removal efficiency was  concerned, ISX was better than CSAX for its strong ligand-CSS- groups. The  removal efficiency of Cu(II) onto CSAX and ISX increased with the increase in  pH. The mechanism for Cu(II) adsorption was ionic exchange for ISX whereas  both ion exchange and physical adsorption contributed to adsorption by CSAX.  The adsorption kinetics of ISX and CSAX for Cu(II) were favorably described  by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption isotherms were  described well with the Freundlich isotherm model. The study with synthetic  wastewater showed CSAX was a worthwhile alternative to the traditional ISX  only when the wastewater contained both Cu(II) and turbidity.

Evaluation of insoluble xanthate and crosslinked starch-graft-polyacrylamide-co-sodium xanthate for the adsorption of Cu(II) in aqueous solutions