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In this study urea was intercalated between layers of kaolinite by dry   grinding technique to be used for preparing controlled release fertilizer.   X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns confirmed the intercalation of urea   into kaolinite by the significant expansion of the basal spacing of kaolinite   layers from 0.710 nm to 1.090 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy   (FT-IR) also confirmed the hydrogen bonding between urea and kaolinite. Based   on CHNS elemental analysis, 20% (wt.) urea was intercalated between   kaolinite layers. The urea-intercalated kaolinite was mixed with   hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) binder and was granulated to prepare the   nitrogen-based controlled release fertilizer. To study the nitrogen release   behavior of granules, ultraviolet/visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was used   through the diacetyl monoxime (DAM) colorimetric method. The result of UV-Vis   spectroscopy showed that intercalation of urea into kaolinite decreased the   nitrogen release from 25.50 to 13.66 % after 24 hours and from 98.15 to   70.01% after 30 days incubation in water. According to the results, the   prepared controlled release fertilizer (CRF) behaved according to the   standard for CRFs

Intercalation of urea into kaolinite for preparation of controlled release fertilizer