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Monthly and seasonal variations among dietary, blood and milk parameters and  their interrelationships were investigated during the lactation period in  Holstein dairy cows in order to determine reliable dietary indices that could  be useful in the studies related to milk yield improvement. Samples were  prepared monthly, up to 11 months of lactation and were analyzed by the  current laboratory methods using appropriate kits. Mean monthly and seasonal  comparison of the dietary, blood and milk values were different among  sampling times (p<0.05). The overall mean for dietary energy (ME), crude  fiber (CF), moisture, ash, phosphorus (DP), calcium (DCa), ether extract (EE)  and crude protein (CP) were 1.38 Mcal/KgDM, 20.4%, 42.8%, 5.5%, 0.34%, 0.76%,  2.39% and 10.2%, respectively. Correlations were found between dietary DP/Ca  (r=-0.73), DP/EE (r=0.67), DP/ash (r=0.79), DP/moisture (r=0.84), DP/ME  (r=0.60), Ca/ash (r=0.95), Ca/moisture (r=-0.64), and DCa/moisture (r=-0.93).  Correlations among dietary, blood, and milk parameters revealed different  relationships with the most important correlations between DP and blood  parameters, and CP with blood and milk parameters. Among blood parameters  glucose, BHB, SK, AST, GGT, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Milk parameters: Mg,  Ca, and lactose showed the strongest relationships with dietary parameters.  In conclusion, the dietary, blood and milk values were different during the  lactation months and seasons. Dietary CP, Ca and DP could be applied as  relevant indices in studies related to milk production improvement in dairy  herds

Monthly and seasonal evaluation of dietary nutrients and their relationships with blood and milk parameters in lactating dairy cows