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In this study we examined how chronic forced running (CFR) affects the  expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes and cAMP response  element-binding (CREB) in the adrenal medulla and the weight of adrenal  glands of rats. Also, we examined how CFR and additional acute  immobilization stress affect the expression of catecholamine biosynthetic  enzymes in the adrenal medulla and the concentration of catecholamines and  corticosterone (CORT) in the blood plasma. In this experiment we used as a  model forced exercise in rats (treadmill running). We used the most advanced  method for determining the level of gene expression, Real-time PCR with  TaqMan probes, as well as Western blot analysis (ECL). We found that CFR  decreases tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) mRNA  and protein levels in the adrenal medulla. The decreased TH and DBH mRNA  levels coincide with the reduced expression of CREB in the adrenal medulla  and with the reduced plasma CORT level. Additionally, CFR reduces the level  of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA, but elevates its  protein level in the adrenal medulla and increases the concentration of  adrenaline (A) in the plasma. Reduced level of PNMT mRNA in the adrenal  medulla coincides with reduced plasma CORT level. The additional acute  immobilization stress increases gene expression of catecholamine  biosynthetic enzymes in the adrenal medulla, as well as catecholamines and  CORT levels in the plasma. The increased synthesis of PNMT enzyme in the  adrenal medulla may result in an increased biosynthesis of A under chronic  stress conditions. Additionally, increased level of catecholamines in the  plasma after chronic physical stress is the allostatic load that may induce  numerous diseases and pathological conditions

Chronic physical stress changes gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in the adrenal medulla of adult rats