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Phase I-II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes are responsible for the   detoxification and elimination of activated carcinogens, acting as important   biomarkers for chemoprevention. Among them, cytochrome P450s plays a   prominent role in the metabolic activation of xenobiotics. The herb   Salicornia freitagii (SF) (Amaranthaceae) is known for its anticancer,   antioxidant, antidiabetic and antiinflammatory activities. In this study, we   determined the bioactive phenolics in the SF methanol extract and   investigated its antiproliferative potential in HT-29 human colon cancer   cells. We also investigated the modulation of some phase I and II enzyme (CYP   1A1, 1A2, 2E1, GSTP1 and GPx) mRNA expression and enzymatic activities by the   SF extract and its major bioactive phenolic compounds. LC/MS-MS analysis   showed that the main phenolic compounds of the methanolic SF extract are   vanillic acid (48 μg/100g) and p-coumaric acid (10.8 μg/100g). SF extract,   vanillic acid and p-coumaric acid exhibited high antiproliferative activities   in HT-29 cells, with IC50 values of 81.79μg/mL, 98.8 μM and 221.6 μM,   respectively. The mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 were decreased,   while those of GSTP1 and GPx in HT-29 cells were increased after application   of either the SF extract or vanillic acid. The SF extract by itself also   increased the activities of GPx and GSTP1 enzymes 1.68- and 1.49-fold,   respectively. Our data indicate that the SF extract and its major bioactive   compound, vanillic acid, could exert a modulatory effect on the expression of   enzymes that are involved in xenobiotic activation and detoxification   pathways in the gastrointestinal tract. For this reason, SF can be considered   as a natural source of chemopreventive agents

archives of biological sciences

Modulation of mRNA expression and activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, GPx and GSTP1 by the Salicornia freitagii extract in HT-29 human colon cancer cells