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Oral cancer accounts for 3-5% of all cancers worldwide. The present study was   undertaken to investigate the correlation between overexpression of   cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and various grades of oral cancer, and to ascertain   the inhibitory effect of propolis in the human oral carcinoma cell line. For   ex vivo studies, 45 patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF; n=15), oral   leukoplakia (OLP; n=18) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC; n=18) were   recruited, and a biopsy was done to determine COX-2 protein expression by   Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). For the in vitro study,   COX-2 levels were measured in human oral epidermal carcinoma cell line by   immune blotting and IHC. The results of ex vivo studies by Western blotting   revealed that COX-2 protein levels were highly upregulated in OSCC tissue,   followed by OLP and OSF. The levels of COX-2 expression also showed a   positive correlation with the grade (severity) of each oral precancerous and   cancerous condition. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the presence of   intense COX-2 staining in the cells of OSCC tissue, equivalent to the OLP and   OSF specimens. In the in vitro study of oral carcinoma KB cells, Western   blotting and IHC analysis showed that caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE)-rich   propolis and celecoxib, a standard COX-2 inhibitor, markedly downregulated   COX-2 expression. These results suggest that propolis exhibits a   chemopreventive potential by lowering COX-2 expression in the oral carcinoma   KB cell line. Hence, propolis might be used as an adjuvant therapy for   treating oral cancer with standard chemotherapy drugs

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Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in oral precancerous and cancerous conditions and its inhibition by caffeic acid phenyl ester-enriched propolis in human oral epidermal carcinoma KB cells