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Plants are exposed to increasing levels of diverse human activities that have   profound effects on their overall morphology and, specifically, on leaf   morphology. Anthropogenic disturbances in urban and suburban forest   recreational sites are attracting growing research interest. To explore the   persisting recreational impact on leaf shape and size, we conducted a field   study on the dioecious forb Mercurialis perennis L. (Euphorbiaceae), typical   for undisturbed understory communities. We selected adjacent sites in a   suburban forest, which experience contrasting regimes of disturbance by human   trampling under otherwise concordant natural conditions. Patterns of leaf   shape and size variation and putative sex-specific response to disturbance   were analyzed using a geometric morphometric approach. In addition to   leaf-level data, plant height, internode and leaf number were analyzed to   explore the same response at the whole-plant level. The results show   significant variations associated with disturbance at both levels: plants   growing under a heavy disturbance regime had shorter stems with a greater   number of wider and shorter leaves. Significant differences between sites   were also found for leaf size, with larger leaves observed in an undisturbed   site. The effects of sex and sex x site interaction on leaf size and shape   were nonsignificant, pointing to the absence of sexual dimorphism and   sex-specific response to disturbance. Contrary to leaf shape and size, all   three analyzed shoot traits showed highly significant sexual dimorphism, with   male plants being higher and having higher leaf and internode count.   [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 173025

archives of biological sciences

Small-scale variations in leaf shape under anthropogenic disturbance in dioecious forest forb mercurialis perennis: A geometric morphometric examination