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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be an invaluable tool   both in clinical practice and basic brain research. However, many concomitant   effects of TMS are still incompletely understood, including thermal effects   induced by TMS. The present study investigated how thermal effects induced by   magnetic stimulation influence the properties of the spontaneous excitatory   postsynaptic current (sEPSC) of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. We have   demonstrated that a 50-Hz low-frequency electromagnetic field with   intensities of 7, 14, and 23 mT can induce thermal heating in artificial   cerebrospinal fluid(aCSF) from 25 to 40°C over a period of 15 min. We also   report that the thermal effects induced by TMS directly influence the   properties of sEPSC in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Double measures   were taken to control the temperature across experiments in order to ensure   the accuracy of the temperature measurement of the aCSF. These novel findings   provide important insight into the thermal effects induced by TMS as well as   their consequences

Patch-clamp recordings of thermal effects of magnetic stimulation on the physiological characteristic of rat hippocampal neurons