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Nerium oleander is a medicinal plant. Apart from its ethnopharmacological   uses, pharmacognostic studies have revealed several of its bioactivities.   Previously we demonstrated that the phenolic and flavonoid rich extracts of   oleander leaf, stem and root possess potent antioxidant and free radical   scavenging activities. Moreover, the leaf extract actively modulates the   Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and exerts anti-inflammatory activities on murine   splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate   the effect of oleander leaf, stem and root extracts on phagocytosis and the   free radical-related activities of murine peritoneal macrophages. In   addition, phytochemical profiling was performed using gas   chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results demonstrated that the   increase in phagocytosis and decrease in myeloperoxidase (MPO) were in the   order of leaf>root>stem. The inhibition of cell adhesion, nitric oxide (NO)   and elevation of respiratory burst activity was in the order of   leaf>stem>root. However, the bioactivities of the leaf extract were much   high than those of the stem and root extracts. Phytochemical analysis also   revealed the presence of several bioactive constituents in oleander   extracts. Therefore, the present study demonstrated that oleander possesses   the capacity to modulate macrophage activities and the bioactivities are   attributed to the numerous phytochemicals identified in oleander extracts

Comparative phytochemical profiling and effects of Nerium oleander extracts on the activities of murine peritoneal macrophages